How should bitcoiners view quantum calculations?

In the early 2020s, quantum calculations fell into the center of attention as a potential threat to bitcoins. Based on the cryptographic hash function of the Sha-256 for their consensus of the network, the values ​​of bitcoins are based on computing power.

If there is a technology that can bypass the traditional binary system 0S and 1S for units of information, there is a potential for updating cryptography, as we know it. But is this a danger out of exaggerated?

Can quantum calculations turn Bitcoin into an invaluable part of the code for one day? Let’s start by understanding why Bitcoin relies on cryptography.

Bitcoin bits

When we say that the image has a size of 1 MB, we say that it contains 1,000,000 bytes. Since each byte contains 8 bits, this means that the image contains 8,388,608 bits. As a binary figure (bit), this is the most tiny information, either 0 or 1, which increases the entire building of our digital century.

In the case of the image of the bat in file 1 MB, each pixel will be prescribed color, which makes it readable to the human eye. In the case of a cryptographic function, such as the SHA-256 (Asecure Hash Algorithm 256-bit) developed by the NSA, it will produce 256 bits (32 bytes) as a fixed hash length from the input of arbitrary size.

The main goal of the hash function is to convert any line of letters or numbers into the conclusion of a fixed length. This mixing confusion makes it ideal for compact storage and anonymous signatures. And since the hashing process is a one -way street, the hashy data is effective irreversible.

Therefore, when we say that the SHA-256 provides 256-bit security, we mean that there are 2256 possible hashes to consider for circulation. When Bitcoin payments are held, each bitcoin block has its own unique hash of transactions generated by the Sha-256. Each transaction in the block contributes to this unique hash, since they form the root of the Mercle, plus the time label, unrealistic and other metadata.

The full striker will have to review Heshi and extract the necessary data not only for this block containing transactions, but also for all subsequent blocks chained to it. Suffice it to say that the load on the possibility of 2256 is an almost impractical computing activity that requires huge energy and time costs, both of which are extremely expensive.

But can this be no longer to be with quantum calculations?

New quantum paradigm for calculations

Departing from the bits as 0S and 1S, quantum calculations represent cubes. Using the observed property of the superposition, these units of information can be not only 0 or 1, but also at the same time. In other words, we move from determined calculations to uncertain calculations.

Since the qubits can exist in a confusing and imposed state until it is observed, the calculations become probabilistic. And since the states are more than always 0 or 1, the quantum computer has the possibility of parallel calculations, since it can simultaneously process 2n states.

A classic binary computer should have launched a function for each possible state of 2n, which a quantum computer could evaluate at the same time. In 1994, the mathematician Peter Shor developed an algorithm with this.

The Schora algorithm combines the methods of quantum converting Fourier (QFT) and the quantum phase assessment (QPE) to speed up the definition of drawings and theoretically break all cryptographic systems, and not just Bitcoin.

However, there is one huge problem. If quantum calculations are probabilistic, how reliable is it?

Stabilization of coherence in quantum calculations

When they say that the cubes are imposed, it is akin to the visualization of the monetary coup. Being in the air, you can imagine a coin that has both states – heads or tails. But as soon as it lands, the state is allowed into one result.

In the same way, when the cubes are allowed, their condition falls into a classic state. The problem is that the innovative algorithm, such as Shor, needs many cubes in order to maintain its superposition for a long period of time to interact with each other. Otherwise, the necessary, useful calculations cannot actually complete.

In quantum calculations, this applies to quantum decoranension (QD) and quantum error correction (QEC). Moreover, these problems must be solved in many cubes for complex calculations.

According to Millisecond coherence in a superconducting cube A document published in June 2023, the longest time of coherence in the Cubit is 1.48 ms with an average fidelity of the gate of 99.991%. The last percentage refers to the general reliability of QPU (a unit of quantum processing).

Currently, the most useful and powerful quantum computer is, by IBM, two called a quantum system. The modular system ready for scaling, the quantum system must perform 5000 operations with three QPU Heron in one scheme by the end of 2024. By the end of 2033, this should increase to 100 million operations.

The question is, will this be enough to realize the Shar algorithm and break bitcoin?

The viability of the threat of KK

Due to the problems of decoranension and malfunctions, quantum computers do not yet represent a serious risk for cryptography. It is unclear whether it is even possible to achieve a quantum system, resistant to failure tolerance in a scale, when such a high level of environmental purity is required.

This includes electronphone scattering, photon emissions and even electronic interactivity. Moreover, the larger the number of cubes that are necessary for the Shor algorithm, the greater the decogery.

Nevertheless, although this may seem insoluble problems inherent in quantum calculations in the QEC methods have reached significant progress. An indicative example, the Riverlane Deltaflow 2 method is performed by QEC in real time on 250 cubes. By 2026, this method should lead to the first life’s quantum use with millions of quantum operations in real time (MegaQuop).

To break the Sha-256 within one day, it will take 13 million cubes, according to the article by AVS Quantum Science, published in January 2022. Although this would threaten Bitcoin wallets, even more Qubit 51% attack on Bitcoin Meinnet.

When it comes to the implementation of the GROVER algorithm, designed to use QC to search for unstructured databases (unique Heshi), the research work published in 2018 suggested that no quantum computer could implement it until 2028.

Image provided: Ledger magazine

Of course, since then, Hashrate Bitcoin Network has increased significantly, and QC should fight decoranension as the main obstacle. But if QEC roadmaps ultimately materialize in reliable quantum systems, what can be done to counteract the threat of QC with bitcoins?

Quantum computing resistance

There are several proposals for protecting bitcoins from quantum computers. Since the QC attack of 51% is extremely unbelievable, the main attention is paid to the strengthening of wallets. In the end, if people cannot rely on the fact that their BTC acts will be safe, this will lead to the outcome of the bitcoins.

In turn, the price of BTC is falling, and the network hashrat will decrease sharply, which will make it much more vulnerable to QC than before. One of these strengthenings is the implementation of Lamport signatures.

With the Lamport signatures, the closed key will be generated in pairs, 512 Bitstrut from a 256-bit output. The public key will be generated with a cryptographic function for each of the 512 bitstra. Each BTC transaction will require a one -time Lamport signature.

Since Lamport signatures do not rely on elliptical curves according to the final fields in an elliptical curve of the digital signature algorithm (ECDSA), which is used by bitcoins and can be used by the Shar algorithm, but on Hash functions it makes them viable quantum alternative.

The disadvantage of Lamport signatures is their increase in size, more than 16 KB and disposable use. Of course, just a displacement of addresses and maintaining BTC in cold storage, which avoids influencing a personal key, can also prevent effective QC.

Another approach to mixing potential attacks QC would be the implementation of cryptography based on a lattice (LBC). Unlike ECDSA, LBC avoids the final patterns, relying on discrete points in the N-dimensional grille (Grid), which endlessly extends in all directions. From this function, a quantum algorithm was also developed that could break the LBC.

However, in order to realize a new type of cryptography, Bitcoin had to go through a hard box. In this scenario, probably, there should be many signals indicating that the main breakthroughs in quantum calculations, especially in the number of cubes and resistance to faults, are inevitable.

Result

It is safe to say that the Bitcoin Mainnet itself is not at risk from quantum calculations, neither in the near, or in the distant future. Nevertheless, if the QC is jiping the encryption of the Bitcoin-mailing of the Sha-256 and ECDSA outdated, this would deeply affect the confidence in the cryptocurrency.

This confidence is crucial, as large companies, such as Microsoft and PayPal, which accepted payments in bitcoins, raised up to 80% of savings compared with cards, zero boards and full control over funds. Possessing more than 300 million owners around the world, Bitcoin’s appeal as a safe asset and economically effective payment remains strong.

Ultimately, the cost of Bitcoin is supported by capital and confidence in this. Its historical volatility shows how the events associated with Elon Mask and PayPal integration into the launches of ETF and the FTX collapse affected market sentiments. A fundamental threat to Bitcoin encryption can lead to panic sales, removing miners and reduced production complexity, potentially opening the door for an attack of 51% with a smaller number of cubes.

To prevent such a scenario, holders and developers of bitcoins would have succeeded in not behind the development of QC.

This is the guest post of Shane Nigga. Expressed opinions are completely their own and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of BTC Inc or Bitcoin Magazine.

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